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FOOTNOTES (1-67) ON CHAPTER VI  Pages: 70-78

1. By the Act of March 3, 1815._Callan, pp. 266-267.

2. The Topographical department and those of the Adjutant-General, Inspector-General and Quartermaster-General were abolished, some very inefficient substitutes replacing them.

3. Such as failure to recognize the value of special training in the staff departments and prescribing that the staff could be filled up by men from private life.

4. Washington had recommended this thirty years earlier.

5. The correspondence, which need not be quoted here, is given by Parton, II, pp. 373-374, and Upton, pp. 146-147.

6. Forty officers and men of the 4th and 7th U.S. Infantry, under Lieut. Scott, and seven women.

7. Report of the Senate Investigating Committee.__American State Papers, II, pp. 739-741. Additional information respecting the organization of troops without the sanction of Congress will be found in the Report of the House Committee, American State Papers, II, p. 99.

8. The regulars__4th and 7th Infantry, and the 4th battalion of artillery numbered about 1,000; the volunteers, militia and Indians amounted to 5,911, making a total of 6,911. Letter of Adjutant-General to the author, dated April 22, 1915, and American State Papers, Military Affairs, II, p. 104.

The figures given by Upton, p. 149, are incorrect.

9. Page 149.

10. The mobilization of modern armies conforms strictly to this principle.

11. American State Papers, II, p. 189.

12. (1) Neglect to furnish sufficient officers in the grades of colonel, Lieutenant-colonel and major to insure uniform operation in each department; (2) failure to replace by supernumeraries the captains and lieutenants detailed from the line; and (3) no requirement in peace time that line officers detailed to the staff should return to their commands periodically.

13. Among other things, it provided for permanent chiefs for the departments of the Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-General, and Commissary-General, the minor grades being filled from the line.

The essence of Calhoun's scheme was that the Army could be increased to 11,558 "without adding an additional officer or a single company," or to 19,035 by adding only 288 officers._American State Papers, II, pp. 190-193.

14. Ibid, II, pp. 194 and 452; Callan, 306-309.

15. "Had Congress given him the authority to increase each company of artillery and infantry to 100 enlisted men, the reduction of the Army by one-half would still have enabled him in time of war to augment it to more than 11,000 men."_Upton, p. 152.

16. Created by the Act of May 14, 1812.__Callan, pp. 226-227.

17. By the Act of April 5, 1832.__Ibid., pp. 322-323.

18. American State Papers, III, pp. 820-822, and IV, p.91.

19. Until the organization of the General Staff on February 14, 1903 (see page 292), the chiefs of bureau grew more and more to regard the Secretary of War rather than the commanding general as their sole and legitimate military superior. There thus arose a system peculiarly American which more than once worked to the detriment of the military service. Compare Upton, pp. 158-159.

20. The Indians lost 68 killed and wounded; the volunteers 1 killed and 8 wounded.

21. Heitman, II, p. 394.

22. The Indians lost 150; the casualties of the American force which consisted of 400 regulars and 900 Illinois volunteers under General Atkinson were only 24. Report of Major General Macomb, commanding the army. American State Papers, V, pp. 29-30.

23. On June 16th the Government, in order to avoid calling out unnecessary volunteers and militia, ordered all the regulars on the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi to concentrate at the scene of action under General Scott. Five of the six companies of artillery from Fort Monroe reached Chicago, "a distance of 1,800 miles, in the short space of eighteen days, a rapidity which is believed to be unprecedented in military movements. The loss by cholera in that detachment alone was equal to one out of every three men."__American State Papers, V. p. 18.

The ravages of this disease precluded General Scott and the troops from the east from participating in the campaign.

24. Regulars, 1,341; volunteers, 4,638, a total of 5,979.__Records of The Adjutant-General's Office.

25. General Macomb's report.

26. By the Act of June 15, 1832.__Callan, pp. 325-326.

27. Again Congress reverted to the principle of militia, a mistaken policy which has already been discussed.

28. Act of March 2, 1833, which fixed the authorized strength of the Army at 7,194 officers and men.__Heitman, II, pp. 584-585.

29. On November 30, 1835, the Army numbered 7,198 officers and men, but only 3,888 men were present for duty. In the Eastern Department, comprising the Atlantic coast and almost all the territory east of the Mississippi, were only 1,534 under General Scott.

Notwithstanding our population was in excess of 15,000,000, the entire seacoast, the Canadian frontier and all the outlying settlements were protected by less than 4,000 troops. The 52,000 square miles of Florida were guarded by 536 regulars.__American State Papers, V, p. 633-639, and VI, p. 57.

30. Letter of Governor Eaton of Florida to the Secretary of War, March 8, 1835.__American State Papers, VI, p. 493.

31. Governor Call to the President, December 22, 1835.__Ibid., VI, p. 1026.

32. of the 110 officers and men from the 2nd and 3rd Artillery and the 4th Infantry, only three escaped alive.

33. Official Report of Major General Macomb, commanding the Army, and Governor Call's Report, January 9, 1836.__American State Papers, VI, p. 817, and VII, p. 218.

34. On January 21, 1836. His instructions are given in the American State Papers, VII, p. 216.

35. This officer, who commanded the Western Department, had not waited for orders from Washington, but called on the governor of Louisiana for militia, sailed for Tampa on February 3rd with 1,140 regulars and volunteers, pushed on to Fort King unknown to General Scott and thence to the Withlacoochee where he was besieged from the 27th until March 6th.__American State Papers, VI, p. 244.

36. Ibid., VII, p. 225.

37. They were estimated to number "from 1,200 to 2,000 warriors."__Ibid., VII, pp. 218 and 278.

38. To the Adjutant-General, April 30, 1836.__Ibid., VII, pp. 278-279.

39. See Upton, p. 168.

40. Callan, pp. 336-337.

41. See page 48.

42. The 6th section of this act also provided a regiment of regular dragoons to be disbanded whenever the public service permitted. The Act of July 4, 1836, increased the Medical and Pay departments. As a result of these acts, the authorized strength of the Army became 7,957. Its actual strength in November, 1836, was only 6,283.__Upton, p. 168; Heitman, II, pp. 586, 587 and 626.

43. Scott to the Adjutant-General, June 12th, 14th and 21st.__American State Papers, 326, 328 and 333.

44. Estimated by Scott to number from 3,000 to 5,000._Ibid., VII, p. 951.

45. Ibid., VII, p. 337.

46. Regulars, 1,757; militia and volunteers, 23,541; Creek Indians, organized and mustered as volunteers during the summer, 2,544, a total of 27,842._Ibid., VI, pp. 1053, 1060 and 1061; Upton, pp. 171-172.

47. Upton, p. 173.

48. General Taylor's Official Report, January 4, 1838._American State Papers, VII, pp. 987-988.

The Missouri legislature appointed a committee to investigate Taylor's charges and, upon receiving its report, passed a series of joint resolutions taking direct issue with Taylor.__Barnes, Commonwealth of Missouri, p. 237.

49. In his annual report for 1837, in which he pointed out that 15,000 were scarcely sufficient to guard a frontier of 8,500 miles and to afford adequate protection against 45,000 Indian warriors, emphasizing the fact that if danger were apprehended from such a regular force "it is effectually to be guarded against by a proper organization of the militia."

His argument in favor of an increase in the staff was due to the evils of detached service inaugurated by the law of 1821. See page 72 and footnote 12, page 591.

50. By one regiment of infantry, a company to each artillery regiment and by raising the enlisted strength of the companies in both these arms.__Callan, pp. 341-351.

51. Act of July 7, 1838.__Callan, pp. 351-352. An analysis of these two acts is given by Upton, pp. 181-182.

52. Heitman, II, pp. 588-589.

53. Upton, p. 184.

54. Nine regiments and the entire artillery of the army was stationed in Florida; the other four were distributed along the western frontier.

55. Act of March 3, 1839.__Callan, pp. 353-354.

56. Autobiography of General Winfield Scott, II, p. 333.

57. Upton, p. 185.

58. This treaty was promulgated in his General Order of May 18, 1839.

59. On the Caloosahatchee River on July 23rd, the victims being 18 of the 40 men under Colonel Harney, who sought to establish a trading post.

60. For a graphic description of them, see Sprague, History of the Florida War, p. 283.

61. For example, by Governor McDonald of Georgia.

62.                                                        Officers                       Men                          Total

Florida War, 1835 to 1842 Creek War, 1836 to 1838 Cherokee War, 1836 to 1838

1,504    734    542

26,803   9,617   8,952

28,307        10,351          9,494

Total:                                                      2,780                        45,372                       48,152

Note.__There were no active hostilities in the Cherokee War, but troops had to be called out to enforce the emigration of this tribe west of the Mississippi.

63. The maximum force of the Regular Army at any time during the war.

64. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1914, p. 237.

65. Upton, p. 192.

66. By the Act of August 23, 1842.

67. This was accomplished in the line by converting one regiment of dragoons into riflemen and by reducing the number of privates in each company. The Commissary-General of purchases was abolished and his functions merged with those of the Quartermaster-General. The inspectors-general, surgeons and assistant surgeons were also reduced.

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